Proto-Tallic Etymologies

√ba-

T. abá, ibá, aibá 'right leg, left leg, dual'
T. ba 'leg, pillar'
T. bá(h)es 'cane'
T. bárun 'to feel with legs/feet'
T. dambá 'column, stone-pillar'
T. se-cmpd. kabá, kásseba 'foundation, fundament, grounds, reason' (lit. 'solid ground and pillar')
T. mnebárun 'to kick'

√bakhs-

T. báχas 'force of nature'

K. redupl. vavass 'storm'

M. amass (< *ṇbakhs-) 'storm'

√bamn-

T. bámne 'sky'

K. vomun 'sky'

H. pl.tant. banam 'skies'

√ban-

T. ban 'luminary, celestial body'
T. bállin, bánil 'moon'
T. bána(h)il 'sun and moon (formal)'
T. bánat 'sun (formal)'
T. bánes 'star (formal)'
T. bánil 'moon (formal)'
T. bármen 'sun'

K. redupl. navan (< *banban) 'sun'

√bat-

T. bátarun 'to embrace, make close contact with' (lit. 'to belly')
T. báte 'belly'

√be-

T. báe 'gentle animal voice (bleating, mewing, twittering...)'
T. béta 'sheep'

K. vimata 'sheep'

√begl-

T. bélga 'milk'

K. vehe, vehei- (< *begḷ) 'milk'

√begw-

T. begu 'vertical surface'
T. béoga 'brow'

K. vetta, vëtta 'barrier'
K. telic pf. vëhym (vehende), impf. avëhym (avehende) 'to build, erect' (analog. for *vehynde < *begwende)

√ben-

T. ben- 'here (by speaker)'
T. bémo 'this'
T. bénwe, béwen† 'here'

K. vena 'this'
K. vënuma 'this very (emph.)'
K. vëyru 'like this'

√bjo-

T. bjo 'area'
T. kworbjó 'garden'

K. vymen 'field'

√blegn-

T. blénga 'gold'

K. wleine 'gold'

√bleq-

T. blétte 'pain' (irregular, perhaps analogical fortification of *blet)

K. wlei 'pain'
K. stative pf. wlëyum (wleiende), impf. avlëyum (avleiende) 'to pain, hurt'

√blidw-

T. blídu 'sickness'

K. wlippa, wlyppa 'sickness'

√blur-

T. blur 'degree of density'
T. blórwe 'thin, sparse state'
T. blúrne 'dense, thick state'

K. wlurma 'dense, thick'

M. wluruma

√bo-

T. ibó, ibáo 'backwards'
T. obó, obáo 'forwards'

K. prevb. ava 'forwards'
K. prevb. iva 'backwards'

√bol-

T. bol, oból, iból 'forwards/backwards position'

√bos-

T. bóspa 'lie (state)'
T. bósta 'lie (statement)'
T. bózde 'lie (event)'

√bradn-

T. brázna(h)on 'battle'
T. bráznun 'to fight'

K. atelic pf. wrounum (wrānende), impf. avrounum (avrānende) 'to fight'
K. wrān (< *bradnə) 'battle'

H. phanat 'battle'
H. phõdu 'to fight'

√bris-

T. bríssun 'to smile'

√bro-

T. bro 'degree of volume'
T. brómne 'loud state'
T. brówe 'faint of sound'

K. wromna 'loud'

H. phumin 'loud'
H. psaba 'quiet'

√bukn-

T. búkne 'stem, stalk'
T. búnka 'stick'

K. vuchun 'spine, backbone'

√bwo-

T. bno 'mouth'

K. vō 'mouth'

√da-

T. -da 'intelligent being'

K. kaða 'human being', pl. gumate

M. kada

H. dam 'human being', pl. mimat

√damr-

T. dámrun 'to carry'
T. dárma 'burden, a thing carried'

√dan-

T. dan 'number'

K. dante 'many (noun)'
K. dantima 'many (adj.)'

√daq-

T. dat 'rock, stone'
T. dágmai, dáχtamai 'wall'
T. dágmen 'large rock, boulder'
T. dákwin, dáklin 'small rock, pebble'
T. dáppa 'petrified state'
T. se-cmpd. dáxeba 'measurement' (lit. 'stone and leg/step', i.e. 'weight and length')
T. dáχta 'a single stone'
T. dáχχa 'stone as a material'

K. dālin 'rock, stone'

M. daelin

√de-

T. de 'action'
T. dénun 'to do, carry out'
T. se-cmpd. déssede 'interaction' (lit. 'action and action')
T. smuldérun 'cease, stop'

K. atelic pf. dënum (denende), impf. deðënum (deðenende) 'to do' (also colloquial deðende by syncope)

√dekhs-

T. adéχse/idéχse 'state of being possible/impossible to do'
T. asadéχse/asɩdéχse 'easy/difficult state'

K. dessena 'possible'

√der-

T. andér 'length'
T. andérwe/andérne 'short/long state'
T. deadérnet 'at last'
T. idérne/adérne 'near the beginning/end'
T. idérnet/adérnet 'at the beginning/end'
T. idérwe/adérwe 'near the middle, but behind/after'
T. imneχdérnet/amneχdérnet 'in the beginning/end'
T. muldér 'in the very middle'
T. sɩdéremun 'to begin'

K. derina 'long'

√dew-

T. adéo/idéo 'good/bad advice'

K. devi 'advice'

√diphr-

T. adíϕre/idíϕre 'degree of beauty/ugliness'

K. atelic pf. dychrum (dichrende), impf. aðychrum (aðichrende) 'to praise, admire'

H. jipshaba 'ugly'
H. niphimin 'beautiful'

√djur-

T. zur, zúrde 'lightning'

√djutn-

T. zúnta 'bee'

√dlem-

T. dléme 'mould'

K. lemge 'cheese' (clearly not native, likely a loan from another Tallic language)

√dlon-

T. dalón/dilón 'awake/asleep condition'
T. diroχdilón 'state of being deeply asleep'
T. dlon 'awake/asleep condition'
T. sardalónun/sardilónun 'to wake so. up / to put so. to sleep'
T. wardilón 'state of dozing, being half-asleep'

K. ilonna (< *i-dlon-na) 'asleep'
K. stative pf. ilonum (ilonende), impf. ilollonum (ilollonende) 'to sleep'
K. lonna 'awake'

√do-

T. do 'matter, concern'

√dobn-

T. adóbne/idóbne 'state of being trusted/distrusted'

K. stative pf. dovnum (dovnende), impf. aðovnum (aðovnende) 'to trust'

√drokhs-

T. smultwínen-zdróχsun 'to settle down'
T. zdróχsun 'to settle'

K. stative pf. drossum (drossende), impf. aðrossum (aðrossende) 'to live'
K. kaðross 'human being', pl. gumate

M. stative pf. drossum (drossense), impf. anirossum (anirossende)

√droq-

T. darógne 'reversible for a long time'
T. darógnet 'completely reversible'
T. darókwe 'reversible only for a short time'
T. darókwe 'reversible only for a short time'
T. darókwet 'reversible only for the shortest time'
T. dirógne 'irreversible for a long time'
T. dirógnet 'completely irreversible, permanent state'
T. dirókwe 'irreversible for a short time'
T. dirókwet 'irreversible for the shortest time'

K. irou-irou 'alas' (irregular for *iðrou)

√drus-

T. bráznen-saldróssulun 'to defeat so. in battle'
T. drus 'degree of coherence'
T. saldróssulun 'to scatter sth. → to win over so. (in battle)'

√dwogr-

T. dwógrun 'to work'
T. dwórga 'work'
T. waldwórga 'preparation'

K. doure 'work'
K. atelic pf. dourum (dourende), impf. aðourum (aðourende) 'to work'

M. atelic pf. dourum (dourende), impf. anourum (anourende)

H. duga 'work'
H. duzhgu 'to work'

√g-

T. agó/ugí 'existence/non-existence'
T. saragónun 'make, create'

K. guma 'alive'
K. gumate 'men, human beings'

√ga-

T. redupl. aigagánun 'to go to and fro'
T. semelfact. aigánun 'go somewhere, then return'
T. angá, ilgá 'if, then'
T. arugámne 'welcome'
T. gamézwe 'south'
T. gána(h)on 'erratic wandering'
T. gáne 'voyage, journey, venture'
T. gánun 'to go, walk'
T. se-cmpd. gássega 'step by step, gradual development' (lit. 'step and step')
T. géa 'a single step'

K. ganimo, ganymou- (< *ganen-pau) 'future'
K. telic pf. gonum (ganende), impf. gounum, gahonum (gānende, gahanende) 'to go'

M. telic pf. gonum (ganende), impf. amonum (amanende) (anal. for *ananende)

√gam-

T. anderdergáme 'elephant (long-nose)'
T. gámarun 'to sniff; to come close to someone (esp. during hunting)' (lit. 'to nose')
T. gáme 'nose'

K. gom(i) 'nose'

√gaphn-

T. gámϕa 'fish'

K. gacha (< *gaphṇ) 'fish'

√gar-

T. gárun 'to change intensly, quickly, abruptly, forcefully'

√ge-

T. ge, géxa 'flesh, meat, soft substance, tissue'
T. nu-cmpd. génukes 'satire, ridicule' (lit. 'pierce flesh')
T. hatigé 'egg-white'

√gepr-

T. gepreganendá, gepredá 'voyager, traveller'
T. gépre 'way'

K. geire 'way'
K. atelic pf. gëyrum (geirende), impf. ahëyrum (aheirende) 'to travel'

M. atelic pf. gëyrum (geirende), impf. amëyrum (ameirende) (anal. for *aneirende)

√gi-

T. gipnós 'sense of sight, vision'
T. gánen-gínun 'to try'
T. gínun 'to see'
T. se-cmpd. gíssepun 'skill' (lit. 'eye/sight and finger')

√glan-

T. glánun 'to sing'

K. atelic pf. lonum (glanende), impf. ālonum (ālonende) 'to sing'

M. atelic pf. galonum (galanende), impf. anglonum (anglanende)

√glikhj-

T. gliχitápil 'flatterer'
T. glíχi 'sweet taste'

K. līsa 'sweet'
K. līsalir 'flatterer'

√glo-

T. galó/giló/gailó 'right/left ear/dual'
T. glo 'ear'
T. glórun 'to listen' (to ear)

√glophn-

T. glóϕnun 'to hear'
T. glóϕon 'sense of hearing, audition'

K. stative pf. lochnum (lochnende), impf. ālochnum (ālochnende) 'to hear'

M. stative pf. golochnum (golochnende), impf. anglochnum (anglochnende)

√glun-

K. pf. lunum (lunende), impf. oulunum (oulunende) 'to taste'

M. pf. gulunum (gulunende), impf. anglunum (anglunende)

√gros-

T. gros 'degree of strength'
T. grózne 'strong state'
T. grózwe 'weak state'

K. grodzuma 'strong' (probably a blend of historical *rodzuma and Molmian gorodzuma)

M. gorodzuma

√gus-

T. degús 'plan (of action), intention'
T. dillogús 'dream (in sleeping)'
T. gus 'imagined shape'
T. kangús 'vision of a real object, artistic plan'

√gwas-

T. gwas 'fat, grease'

K. gvas 'fat'

√gwimr-

T. gwémre 'meeting'
T. gwímar 'attention'
T. gwímrun 'to see and hear; to meet'

K. stative pf. gȳrum (salende), impf. ahȳrum (assalende) 'to see' (past tense from PHJAL-)

M. stative pf. gȳrum (), impf. amȳrum ()

√gwogr-

T. gwórga 'wolf'

K. gorha 'wolf'

√gwuml-

T. gwɩmaltá 'boat'
T. gwίmlun 'to sail, swim'

K. atelic pf. gūlum (gumulende), impf. ohūlum, oulum (ohūlende, oulende) 'to swim'

M. atelic pf. gūlum (gūlende), impf. amūlum (amūlende) (past tense analogical)

√ka-

T. ka, kalká, tramneká 'soil, ground'
T. kimmeká 'because'
T. káes 'sea (formal, rare)'
T. káhail 'earth and sky, the whole world (formal)'
T. káhat 'earth (formal)'
T. káil 'sky (formal)'
T. káma† 'brorange, earth-coloured (between brown and orange)'
T. kána, hána 'red-brown'
T. nu-cmpd. kánuga 'stability' (lit. 'enter solid ground')
T. se-cmpd. kássekun 'great trouble' (lit. 'solid ground and swampy ground')
T. káχma (< *kam(a)kha) 'paint'
T. kéan, héan 'brorange, earth-coloured (between brown and orange)'
T. kéan, héan 'brorange (between brown and orange)'
T. we-grade kéwe 'on the ground, lying down'

K. kalha 'earth, soil'
K. koru 'home(wards)'

√kakr-

T. kárka 'crow'

K. karha 'crow'

√kaks-

T. kax 'tar'

K. kassa (< *kaks-kha) 'tar'
K. telic pf. kossum (kassende), impf. akossum (akassende) 'to decay'

M. telic pf. kossum (kassende), impf. amossum (amassende) (anal. for *anassende)

√kal-

T. kal 'mud, clay'

K. redupl. klasal (< *kalkhal) 'dirt'

√kan-

T. kampá 'visual appearance'
T. kan 'shape (3-dimensional)'
T. nu-cmpd. kánnugi 'belief' (lit. 'see the shape')
T. se-cmpd. kánzeki 'representation' (lit. '3dim. shape and 2dim. shape')

K. stative pf. konum (kanende), impf. akonum (akonende) 'to look, appear'
K. redupl. nasan (< *kankhan) 'shape'

√kar-

T. bamnekár 'weather'
T. bamnokára/bamnikáru 'good/bad weather'
T. okára/ikáru 'state of good/bad luck'

K. redupl. akrasar (< *a-karkhar) 'good luck'

√kas-

T. kas 'fire'
T. káspa 'burning state'
T. kásta 'a single fire'
T. kásχa 'fire as an element'
T. nu-cmpd. káznuga 'danger' (lit. 'enter fire')
T. kéas 'heart, fireplace'
T. warkázwin 'smoulder'

K. telic pf. kodzum (kadzende), impf. sachodzum (sachadzende) 'to burn up' (redupl. imperfective *kaskhasun)
K. redupl. sachas (< *kaskhas) 'fire'

H. kamẽ (< *kasmen) 'fire (event)'
H. pl.tant. kām, ḳaska (< *kasmi, *kaskas) 'fire (substance)'

√katw-

T. kakátu, kaχátu 'many trees, various sorts of trees'
T. kátu 'tree'
T. kátumi, kátumai 'forest'
T. kátuχa 'timber'
T. káuta 'ship'

K. akoto (< *ṇkatw) 'forest'
K. kappa, koppa 'tree'
K. komme, kommei- (< *kopme < *katwmai) 'orchard, garden'

M. kappa 'tree'
M. moto (< *aŋoto < *ṇkatw) 'forest'

H. kabit 'tree', pl. kavtam

√kekr-

T. kérka 'wine'

√ker-

K. atelic pf. kërum (kerende), impf. kerhërum (kerherende) 'to sit'

√kes-

T. késsem-póidun 'be assimilated in, blent in a medium'
T. késsen-tarugánun 'invade, intrude'
T. késsun 'to pierce, penetrate (not coming through)'

K. telic pf. këdzum (kedzende), impf. sechëdzum (sechedzende) 'to stab, prick' (redupl. ipf. *keskhesun)

√kha-

T. ha 'mass noun - material, substance'

√khab-

T. hábe 'cloak, vestment'

K. savi 'clothes (mass noun)'

M. shavi

√khag-

T. aχagentá 'food, commodity' (= Ger. Lebensmittel, Jap. shokuhin)
T. aχágas 'mouth~eater'
T. aχáge 'meal, eating'
T. aχágun 'to eat, consume, absorb'
T. aχánga 'food' (= Ger. Essen, Jap. tabemono)
T. aχángarun 'to eat up a meal'
T. iχágun 'spit out, emit, cast out'

K. saha 'meal'
K. telic pf. so(h)um (sa(h)ende), impf. aso(h)um (asa(h)ende) 'to eat up'

√khal-

T. hal/aχál/iχál 'alive/dead state'
T. nu-cmpd. hállugi 'understanding' (lit. 'see the life')
T. saraχállun 'to beget, create'
T. sarɩχállun 'to kill'

√khan-

T. hammebjó 'valley'
T. han 'degree of flatness'
T. hámme 'flat state'
T. hénwe 'rough state'

K. sanna, sonuma 'flat'

√khatj-

T. háita 'germ, bud'
T. háti 'egg'

K. sasa 'egg'
K. seita 'seed'

M. shaeta
M. shasa

√khaw-

T. hau, háwe 'harsh voice of an animal (barking, roaring, growling)'
T. háunun 'to bark, roar, growl etc.'
T. háwas 'dog'

K. savas 'dog'

√khekr-

T. hékar 'pen~writer'
T. hékra(h)on 'doodle, scribble'
T. hékre 'writing, composition'
T. hékrun 'to write'
T. hérka 'written record'
T. hérkamai 'collection of written records, library'

K. telic pf. sëchrum (sechrende), impf. asëchrum (asechrende) 'to write'

√khepr-

T. héper 'animal'

√kheq-

T. het 'island'
T. hégmai 'archipelago'
T. muldaχét 'deserted island'

K. sei 'island'

√khetn-

T. hwénta 'leaf'

K. hynta 'leaf'

√khezl-

T. hézla 'a single touch, a single action of tasting'
T. hézlun 'to feel'
T. hézɩl 'sense of touch, tactition'
T. tliraχézle 'good taste'
T. tlirɩχézle 'bad taste'
T. tlirχézlun 'to taste, feel with tongue'

√khign-

T. hégne 'coast, bank'

K. hīn 'sand'

√khjepl-

T. hjélpa 'fox'

K. seile 'fox'

√khjos-

T. hjos 'memory'

K. stative pf. hydzum (hydzende), impf. ahydzum (ahydzende) 'to remember'
K. hys, perhys (< *per-khjos) 'memory'

√khjul-

K. hylma 'heavy'

M. shyluma

√khlis-

T. halís/hurίs 'state of happiness/unhappiness'

K. salis 'happiness'
K. salydzuma 'happy'

√khlob-

T. hlóbe 'drinking'
T. hlóbos 'cup'
T. hlóbun 'to drink'
T. hlómba 'draught, drink'
T. hlóppe 'bowl, pot'

K. stative pf. lovum (lovende), impf. alovum (alovende) 'to be wet' (also hist. achlovum, achlovende)

√khlophr-

T. hlóϕrun 'to find'

√khlu-

T. hlúmi 'salt'

K. lūsa 'salt'

√khlums-

T. hlúmas 'sea'
T. pallúmas 'lake'

K. lundze 'sea'

√khodl-

T. hódol 'ice'

K. redupl. sosolma (< khokhodl-) 'cold'

M. sholuma

√khodr-

T. hódrun 'to destroy'

K. telic pf. soðrum (soðrende), impf. asoðrum (asoðrende) 'to kill, destroy'

M. telic pf. sobrum (sobrende), impf. asobrum (asobrende)

H. khazdu 'to cleave, divide'

√khomn-

T. hómne 'sound'

K. sumun 'sound'

M. shumun

√khor-

T. hor 'skin, bark'
T. hórχa 'leather'
T. kanaχór 'sneaky, insidious person' (lit. 'red-brown skin')
T. óχnor (< *okhon-khor) 'birch' (lit. 'white-bark')

√khran-

T. halán/hurán '(morally) good/bad state'

√khriz-

T. hrésse 'blade, sword'
T. hréze 'cutting'
T. hrίgza 'a cut'
T. semelfact. hrίgzarun 'cut once, make a cut'
T. hrίzun 'to cut'

K. telicpf. rydzum (ridzende), impf. arydzum (aridzende) 'to buy' (also hist. achrydzum, achridzende)
K. rydzume, rydzumei- 'buying, trade'
K. rīdza 'a purchase, transaction'

H. kshizu 'to kill'

√khus-

T. hus 'degree of weight'
T. hózwe 'light state'
T. húzne 'heavy state'

√khwa-

T. hawá/hɩwá, hawápa/hɩwápa 'state of blossoming/withering'
T. hwa, hwáta 'flower, blossom'

K. svalin 'flower'

√khwe-

T. hwe 'direction'

K. prevb. ahy- 'all around, all across, all over'

√khwil-

T. hwil 'feather'

K. hëy 'feather'

√ki-

T. kankí 'picture'
T. ki 'shape (2-dimensional)'
T. talkí 'letter, character'

√kib-

T. kikébe, kiχébe 'throwing, shooting'
T. redupl. kikíbun, kiχíbun 'to throw, thrust many times, shoot many times with a bow'
T. képpe 'bag, pouch'
T. kíbis 'bow (for shooting)~archer, thrower'
T. kíbun 'throw, thrust, shoot'
T. kímba 'a shot, throw'

K. telic pf. ky(v)um (kyvende), impf. aky(v)um (akyvende) 'to bend'

√kin-

T. kin 'degree of hardness'
T. kinkinkátu 'oak' ('hard-tree')
T. kénwe 'soft state'
T. kímme 'hard state'

K. kinna, kynuma 'hard'

√kipr-

T. kírpa 'knee'
T. kírpalin 'elbow' ('little knee')

√kitn-

T. kézne 'pole, pike'
T. kínta 'thorn, spike'

√kizn-

T. kínza 'tooth'
T. kínzarun 'to bite' (to tooth)

√kju-

T. kju 'part, division'
T. kjówet 'minority'
T. kjújo 'few parts'
T. kjúmi 'many parts'
T. kjúmit 'all parts, the whole'
T. kjúmne 'large part'
T. kjúmnet 'majority'
T. unkjú 'plenty, enough, satisfactory state' (lit. 'five parts', cf. Jap. juubun lit. 'ten parts')

K. kymna 'national, regional, belonging to the country'
K. kȳme 'land, area, region'

H. čut 'part', pl. čutam

√kle-

T. kle 'organ, mechanism'
T. sarklénun 'to construct, invent'

√klun-

T. kalún/kilún 'clothed/naked state'
T. skalúnun/skilúnun 'to get dressed / to undress'

K. klunna 'clothed'
K. ychlunna (< i-klun-na) 'naked'

√ko-

T. ko 'round appearance'
T. kokán 'sphere'
T. kokí 'circle'
T. káo 'cycle, period'

K. prevb. ko- 'around'
K. mona 'round' (dialect loan in Kymna from Moluma)

M. mona (< *ṇko-)

√kobj-

T. kóiba 'apple'

K. kyva 'apple, fruit'

√kodr-

T. kokórdalun, koχórdalun 'revolve, rotate, move many times in a circle'
T. kódro 'wheel'
T. semelfact. kórdalun 'move once in a circle'

K. koðor 'wheel'

M. kobor

√koml-

T. komlentá 'soap'
T. kómil 'dirty water'
T. kómlun 'to wash'

K. telic pf. koulum (komulende), impf. akoulum (akomulende) 'to wash' (loss of m by dissimilation only in the present; also anal. koulende, akoulende)

√kophs-

T. kósϕa 'hole'
T. semelfact. kósϕarun 'to dig up a hole'
T. kóϕsun 'to dig'

√kos-

T. kos 'kin, family, group of associates'

√kran-

T. krammebjó 'kingdom'
T. kran 'degree of power, influence'
T. krámme 'powerful, influential'
T. kránemun 'to command'
T. krénulun 'to obey'
T. krénwe 'weak of power'

K. kranna, kronuma 'powerful, influential'

M. karanna, karonuma

√kraq-

T. kaskrát 'volcano'
T. krat 'mountain'
T. krádmi, krádmai 'mountains'
T. redupl. krákkrat, krápprat 'many mountains'

K. krāmen 'mountain'

M. karaemen

√kras-

T. kairás 'pattern with repeated and inversely repeated elements; also universe, κόσμος'
T. karaskí 'pattern'
T. karás 'ordered, symmetrical state'
T. kiraspá 'duality, doublet state'
T. kirás 'anti-ordered, anti-symmetrical state, opposition'
T. kras 'degree of order'
T. mulkrás 'disordered, chaotic state'

√kroz-

T. karóze/kiróze/kairóze 'right/left wing/dual'
T. króze 'wing'

K. krodze 'branch, twig'

M. korodze

√ksatr-

T. xátrun 'to fly'

K. atelic pf. soþrum (saþrende), impf. assoþrum (assaþrende) 'to fly'

M. atelic pf. sofrum (safrende), impf. assofrum (assafrende)

√kubl-

T. akúble/ikúble 'healthy/unhealthy, sick state'

√kum-

T. káuma 'bear'

K. kūmo (< *kuQma) 'bear'

√kun-

T. kun, kúnu 'grue (between green a blue)'
T. kúrmen 'large swamp without trees'
T. kίχna (< *kunkha) 'ink' (lit. 'dark substance')

√kuph-

T. kúϕϕa 'mole'

K. kuch 'mole'

√kwa-

T. kawá/kɩwá 'red/black colour state'
T. kwa 'colour state'
T. se-cmpd. kwássekan 'style' (lit. 'colour and shape')
T. mulkwá 'colourless, white colour state'

K. achva 'red'

H. hakua 'red'

√kwats-

T. kwásta 'fruit'

√kwepl-

T. kwéple 'twine, ivy'

K. këya (< *kwelpa) 'plant'

√kwet-

T. kwéte 'blade of grass'
T. kwétemai 'lawn'
T. kwétemi 'grass'

K. kytme, kytmei- 'grass'

√kwin-

T. kwínda 'descendant, offspring'

K. -kin '' (patronymic suffix)
K. kynume, kynumei- 'family'

√kwor-

T. kwor 'plant'
T. pekwór 'flower'
T. pekwórmai 'bouquet'

K. stative pf. korum (korende), impf. korhorum (korhorende) 'to grow' (redupl. imperfective *kworkhworun)

H. kush 'plant', pl. kuzham

√me-

T. méda 'human being'
T. mésseme 'society' (lit. 'human and human')

√metw-

T. méota 'cat'

K. myta 'cat'

√p(j)al-

T. pal 'water'
T. paruspál 'flood'
T. pálpa 'liquid state'
T. pálta 'body/fixed volume of water'
T. pálχa 'water as a substance'
T. warpálwin 'high water, small flood in spring'

K. salme (< pjal-mne) 'water'

M. solume

√pa-

T. mulpéa 'neither good nor bad, average/neutral state'
T. pa 'state, condition'
T. nu-cmpd. pánugi 'inspection (of the state of affairs)' (lit. 'see state')
T. ápea/ipéa 'good/bad, proper/improper state'

√pagj-

T. páiga 'melon'

K. meia 'cucumber'

√pan-

T. pan, pállin 'child'
T. warpállin 'stepchild'

K. pan, panilin 'child'

√paps-

T. pápsun 'to bake'
T. páspa, papsentá 'bread'

K. pach 'bread'
K. telic pf. possum (passende), impf. oussum (āssende) 'to bake' (also historical oussende)

√paq-

T. pat 'shoe'

K. pāta 'shoe'

M. paeta

√patn-

T. sent. ending pánta '' (optative particle)
T. pézne 'state of being desired'

K. pafenna ''
K. pata (< *patṇ) 'wish'
K. paþenna (< *patne-na) 'desired'
K. stative pf. paþinum (paþinende), impf. ouþinum (āþinende) 'to wish'

M. stative pf. pofnum (pafnende), impf. amofnum (amafnende)

√pe-

T. pe 'change'
T. pénun 'to change'

K. telic pf. pënum (penende), impf. pëynum (peinende) 'to change' (redupl. imperfective *pepenun)

√peds-

K. peidza 'tile, brick'

M. paedza

√pek-

T. péka/péki/pékai 'right/left cheek/dual'
T. péke 'cheek'

K. petme 'cheek'

√pekhw-

T. apéoχa/ipéoχa/aipéoχa 'right/left palm/dual'
T. péoχa 'palm'
T. péχu 'horizontal surface'

K. peþþa, pëþþa 'plain'

M. peffa, pëffa 'plain'

√pel-

T. pelahílles 'mansion, palace'
T. pelestámi, pélezmai 'town, city'
T. pélat, pélaχta 'floor'
T. péles, pélesta 'roof'
T. pélli, péllita 'wall'
T. pélwin 'small, cheap house'
T. sarpéllun 'to construct, build'

K. ame, amei- 'town, city' (dialect loan in Kymna from Moluma)

M. ame, amei- (< ṇpel)

√pepl-

T. pépla/pépli/péplai 'lower/upper lip/dual'
T. péplarun 'to kiss, sip'
T. péple 'lip'

K. eble (< *ai-peple?) 'lip' (irregular)

M. aeble

√per-

T. per- 'ἀρχɩ-, head = leader'
T. perpélezmai, perpélmai 'capital'
T. pérax 'king, monarch'
T. pére 'head'
T. ma-cmpd. pérmape 'development, progress' (lit. 'change towards head/top')
T. se-cmpd. pérzepur 'dimensions, extension, extent' (lit. 'top/head and leg/foot')
T. péwer 'brain'
T. walpérax 'heir apparent'

K. recher (< *perpher) 'chief, leader'

√phabn-

T. ϕámba 'degree of satiation'

K. havenna (< *phabne-na) 'hungry'

H. wabin 'satiated'

√phal-

T. aϕalantát 'day'
T. aϕálne 'bright state'
T. aϕálχa/iϕálχa/aiϕálχa 'light/darkness (mass noun)/both light and shadow - clair-obscur'
T. aϕálχne 'sunlight seen through leaves'
T. aϕélwe 'light state'
T. iϕálne 'dark state'
T. iϕálta 'a single shadow'
T. iϕélwe 'darkish state'
T. muϕál 'twilight state'
T. saϕalentá 'lamp'
T. ϕal 'light intensity, degree of brightness'

√phamr-

T. ϕámrepa 'state of being covered'
T. ϕámreta 'cloud'
T. nu-cmpd. ϕárnuga 'insanity' (lit. 'enter clouds'; unusual formation, perhaps separate root PHAR-)

K. harme, harmei- 'cover' (instead of *harma < *pharma by influence of frequent -me)
K. homur (< *phamṛ) 'cloud'

√phe-

T. eϕémis 'same, equal state'
T. sarϕéolun 'to make dissimilar'
T. ϕe 'degree of similarity'

√pheks-

T. apéϕex 'many days'
T. aϕéx(e)/iϕéx(e)/aiϕéx(e) 'day/night/day and night'

K. achess '24-hours period' (= Russ. сутки, Finnish vuorokausi)
K. hess 'day'
K. veness 'today'

√phel-

T. ϕéllun 'to change slowly, softly, continuously'

√phidw-

T. ϕídu 'bond, fetter'

K. hippa 'bond'

H. wibit 'bond', pl. wivdam

√phjal-

T. ϕajál/ϕɩjál/ϕaujál 'right/left eye/dual'
T. ϕjal 'eye'
T. ϕjálarun, ϕjállun 'to look, gaze' (lit. 'to eye')
T. redupl. ϕjálϕjal 'many eyes, various viewpoints'

K. eisal (< *ai-phjal) 'face' (originally dual)
K. sal 'eye'
K. salme, salmei- 'sight'

√phjomn-

T. paruϕjómne 'east'
T. piruϕjómne 'west'
T. ϕjómma, ϕjórma 'ray of light'
T. ϕjómne 'flow of light'
T. ϕjómnun 'to illuminate, send light towards sth.'

K. atelic pf. hymnum (hymnende), impf. ahymnum (ahymnende) 'to illuminate' (anal. present under the influence of the noun and the past tense for hist. *(a)hȳnum)
K. hymun 'light'
K. isomna 'black' (irreg.)

√phjubr-

T. ϕjúbre 'border'
T. sent. ending ϕjúrba 'only, limited to'

K. hyvre 'border'

√phoks-

T. ϕóska 'a single hair'
T. ϕóskamai 'hairstyle'
T. ϕóskami 'hair'

K. hoss 'hair'

H. pl.tant. haskam 'hair'

√phor-

K. horma 'old'

M. horuma

H. hazua 'old'
H. wāmin 'young'

√phos-

T. ϕos 'wind'

K. sofos (< *phosphos) 'wind'

√phril-

T. samϕrίllemun 'to open sth.'
T. ϕrɩl 'degree of openness'

K. frīma 'open'

√phron-

T. ϕron- 'there (by listener)'
T. ϕrómo 'that by you'
T. ϕrónwe, ϕréon† 'there'

√phu-

T. ϕu, ϕúχa 'air'

K. fū, fume 'air'

√phwi-

T. redupl. paϕauwínun 'to breathe'
T. semelfact. ϕauwínun 'inhale and exhale (one cycle)'
T. ϕawínun/ϕuwínun 'to inhale/exhale'
T. ϕnínun 'to blow (of wind)'

K. stative pf. hynum (hynende), impf. hyhȳnum (hyhynende) 'to breathe' (redupl. imperfective < *phwiphwinun)

√phwos-

T. ϕnáos 'as a mass noun - mist, fog; as a state - murky, obscure, intransparent state'

K. hōs 'mist, fog'

√pin-

T. pínun 'to use'

K. stative pf. pynum (pinende), impf. nichȳnum (nichȳnende) 'to use' (redupl. imperfective < *pinphinun)

√pla-

T. palá/purá 'state of being liked/disliked'

K. ālana (< *a-pla-na) 'good'
K. ālaven 'welcome'

M. aelana

√plakh-

T. pláχamne 'hot water'
T. pláχewe 'warm water'
T. pláχowe 'cool water'
T. pláχumne 'cold water'

K. lasa 'warm/hot water'

√ple-

T. palé, paláe 'dextrorsum'
T. pilé, piláe 'sinistrorsus'

√plen-

T. palén/pilén 'right/left position'

K. conj. īlin, ālin 'as, so'

√pleps-

T. pleps 'baby'

K. lessin (< *pleps-win) 'baby'

√ples-

T. ples 'drop'
T. plézmi 'rain'
T. plézrun, pléssarun 'to pour'

K. ledza (< *plesjo) 'dew'

√plezn-

T. palézne/pilézne/pailézne 'right/left hand/dual'
T. redupl. peplézne, peϕlézne 'many hands, various agents'
T. pléznarun 'to feel with hands' (to hand)
T. plézne 'hand, branch'
T. warplézne 'twig'

K. lindza 'net, cobweb'

√plumj-

T. plúima 'tear, teardrop'

K. telic pf. lȳum (lymende), impf. alȳum (alymende) 'to rain' (derived from the noun)

M. telic pf. lȳum (lymende), impf. amulȳum (amulymende)

√pobl-

T. pobleteθébne 'phonology'
T. póble 'speech, way of talking, articulation'
T. pólba 'spoken word'
T. pólbamai 'sentence, phrase'

K. povle 'language'

√podj-

T. poida-hadérnet 'river delta'
T. popóida, poϕóida 'many rivers, various styles' (= Jap. iroiro)
T. we-grade páidwa 'gone, vanished, dissolved state'
T. póida 'river'
T. póidun 'to flow'
T. warpóida 'tributary'

K. atelic pf. poðym (poðynde), impf. ouðym (ouðynde) 'to flow'
K. pyða 'river'
K. atelic pf. pyðum (piðende), impf. ëyðum (eiðende) 'to flow' (derived from the noun)

M. pyda
M. atelic pf. pydum (pidende), impf. amydum (amidende)

H. pl.tant. muidam 'water'

√pogn-

T. pógnun 'to decide'

K. telic pf. pounum (pounende), impf. ounum (ounende) 'to decide'

M. telic pf. pounum (pounende), impf. amounum (amounende)

√pran-

T. paránwe, parénwe 'north'
T. pran 'across or orthogonal position'
T. prangépre, prangá 'bridge, ford, crossing'

K. ranga 'bridge'
K. ranna 'lying across'

√praw-

T. prau 'human voice'

K. roume, roumei- 'language'

√pru-

T. parú 'up'
T. pirú 'down'

K. poru 'up'
K. pyru 'down'

√prubs-

T. parúzba 'tower'

K. orudza (< *a-prusba) 'tower'

√prud-

T. paróde 'standing, upright state'

√prukhs-

T. pruχsemendá 'lord, master'
T. prúχsemun 'to lead, be in charge'
T. prúχsulun 'to obey, be subordinate'
T. prúχus 'degree of importance'

√pruks-

T. parúx, paróxe 'head'

K. poruch 'head'

√prus-

T. amprús, naprús 'height'
T. imprús, niprús 'depth'
T. prus/parús/pirús 'position above/below'
T. salparússun 'to raise'
T. salpirússun 'to lower, take down'
T. sparússun 'to rise'
T. spirússun 'to descend'

√psar-

T. psárun 'to rub'

K. telic pf. sorum (sarende), impf. assorum (assarende) 'to rub'

√pun-

T. espúnat 'pinch (measure of volume)' (lit. 'three-finger-one')
T. mnepúnarun 'to poke'
T. piruspún 'toe'
T. pun 'finger'
T. puna(h)ilézrun 'all five fingers'
T. púnarun 'to feel with fingertips' (to finger)
T. púnat 'thumb'
T. púnes 'second finger'
T. púnil 'index finger'
T. púnor 'third finger'
T. púnun 'pinkie'
T. umpún 'all five fingers, hand'

K. pun 'finger'
K. purun (< *pur-pun) 'toe' (lit. 'foot-finger')
K. umun (< *un-pun) 'hand'

√pur-

T. péorpai 'body'
T. póre/pur/péor 'left/right leg/dual'

K. pur, rufur (< *purphur) 'leg'

√pwekl-

T. pnékle 'well'

K. pychle 'well'

√pwi-

T. pni 'degree of fullness'
T. pnéwet 'empty state'
T. pnímnet 'full state'

K. pymna 'full'

H. muimin 'full'
H. piba 'empty'

√pwos-

T. pnos 'sense, emotion'

K. pōs 'feeling'

√pwots-

T. pnótas 'silver'

K. potos 'silver'

√ta-

T. ta 'count noun'
T. nu-cmpd. tánugi 'inspection (of a particular object or person)' (lit. 'see thing')

K. -t(a) '' (nominalizer of adjectives)

√tal-

T. tal 'name, word, label'
T. tálmai 'language'
T. se-cmpd. tálzeglo 'communication' (lit. 'word and ear')

K. redupl. laþal (< *talthal) 'speech'
K. tale 'yes'
K. taliþa (< *talta) 'name'

M. lafal
M. talfa

√tamw-

T. támne 'protection'
T. táuma 'shield'

√tan-

T. astán, astámpa 'state of common possession'
T. sartánun 'to give'
T. tan, támpa 'state of being possessed'
T. tánta 'possessed object'
T. táχna 'continuously measured possession (e.g. land)'

K. stative pf. tonum (tanende), impf. atonum (atanende) 'to have, possess'

√tapl-

T. juttáplun 'say to each other'
T. tálpa 'particle expressing hearsay'
T. tápil 'mouth~sayer'
T. táple 'tale, report'
T. táplun 'to say'

K. telicpf. toulum (tālende), impf. atoulum (atālende) 'to speak, say'

H. taipu 'to say'

√taq-

T. antát, natát 'timespan'
T. kaontát 'year, full cycle'
T. tat 'point in time'
T. tágmi-nóllo, táχtami-nóllo 'often'
T. tákjo-nóllo, táχtajo-nóllo 'seldom'
T. sent. ending táppa 'when, as'
T. táχta 'time in counting'
T. sent. ending táχtamit 'whenever'

K. tāta 'rhythm'

M. taete (< *tātā)

√tatn-

T. atáznun 'to take'
T. hjosatáznun 'to memorize'
T. hjosɩtáznun 'to remember'
T. itáznun 'take out, produce'
T. tézne-ássun 'to read, count (silently for oneself)'
T. tézne-íssun 'to read, count (out aloud)'

K. telic pf. tochnum (tachnende), impf. atochnum (atachnende) 'to seize, rob' (early dissim. of *taknun)

√tazl-

T. tálza 'blood'

K. tadzal 'blood'

√te-

T. te 'parent'
T. té(h)il 'mother'
T. téat 'father'
T. se-cmpd. téssepan 'family' (lit. 'parent and child')
T. se-cmpd. téssete 'parents' (lit. 'parent and parent')
T. redupl. téte 'parents'

√te(n)-

T. ten 'value on a scale'
T. témme, témne 'strong, intense, great, large value'
T. ténwe, téwe 'weak, small value'

K. -te '' (pl. suffix after n, s)
K. temna 'much, a lot'
K. prevb. tënum 'to be headed towards'

√tebn-

T. redupl. tetébne, teθébne 'lore, science'
T. tében 'mind, thinker'
T. tébne 'theory, concept'
T. tébnun 'to think'
T. témba 'thought'
T. semelfact. témbarun 'to think once'

K. teva (< tebṇ) 'thought'
K. stative pf. tëvnum (tevnende), impf. atëvnum (atevnendne) 'to think'

M. stative pf. tëvnum (tevnende), impf. anëvnum (anevnendne)

√tedn-

T. ténda 'iron'

K. teða (< *tedṇ) 'metal'

√ter-

T. ter- 'over there (away from speaker and listener, or in future)'
T. térmo 'that one over there (attrib.)'
T. térχwe, téwer† 'over there'

K. terma 'that'
K. tëðru (< *terru) 'like that'

√tethr-

T. atéθrun 'to acquire unexpectedly, find, stumble upon'
T. hjosatéθrun 'to memorize casually'
T. hjosɩtéθrun 'to forget'
T. itéθrun 'to lose (unwillingly)'

K. telicpf. tëfrum (tefrende), impf. atëfrum (atefrende) 'to find'

√tetl-

T. télta 'peach'

√thar-

T. pelθármi 'mortar'
T. θar 'piece of grain'
T. θármi 'powder, sand, corn'

K. þraþar, fraþar (< *tharthar) 'powder'

M. frafar

√thatn-

T. θázne 'floating state'

K. telic pf. saþynum (saþinende), impf. asaþynum (asaþinende) 'elapse, to take (of time)' (dissim. of *þoþnum)

M. telic pf. sofnum (safnende), impf. asofnum (asafnende)

√ther-

T. θer- 'there (something previously mentioned, or in past)'
T. θerpámon 'then, afterwards'
T. θerpézan 'thereby, so'
T. θérmo 'that one mentioned (attr.)'
T. θérχwe, θéwer† 'there, that place previously mentioned'

√this-

T. karθáis 'omen'
T. punθésse 'instruction'
T. taplenθíssun 'confess, admit'
T. θais 'sign, token'
T. θésse 'display'
T. θíssun 'to show'

K. telic pf. þydzum (þidzende), impf. aþydzum (aþidzende) 'to show'

M. telic pf. fydzum (fidzende), impf. afydzum (afidzende)

√tho-

T. θo 'way of doing'

√thol-

T. θáol 'a single act of service'
T. θólle 'service'
T. θóllun 'to serve'

√threb-

T. kanθrébe (< kam(a)threbe) 'turnip, beet'
T. θrébe 'heart'

K. freve 'heart'

√throd-

T. θróde 'state of sitting'

K. atelic pf. froðum (froðende), impf. afroðum (afroðende) 'to sit'

√thwe-

T. θwe 'tool'
T. se-cmpd. θwéssega 'method, techinque' (lit. 'tool and way')

√tjab-

T. tajábe/tɩjábe 'state of intending/not intending'

K. stative pf. sovum (savende), impf. asovum (asavende) 'to intend'

√tjaz-

T. θáze 'star'

K. sadze 'star'

√tle-

T. mutlé 'neither cold nor warm'
T. sartalénun 'to warm up'
T. talé/tilé 'degree of warmth/coldness'
T. talémne 'hot state'
T. taléwe 'warm state'
T. tilémne 'cold state'
T. tiléwe 'chilly state'
T. tle 'temperature'

K. lemna 'molten'
K. telic pf. lënum (lenende), impf. alënum (alenende) 'to melt'
K. talena 'warm'

H. hataiba 'warm'
H. lhimin 'cold'

√tlep-

T. tetlépparun, teθlépparun 'blink many times, twinkle, sparkle, scintillate'
T. tléppa 'a flash'
T. semelfact. tlépparun 'to blink once'
T. tlépun 'to blink, twinkle, flash'

K. atelic pf. lëy(u)m (leinde), impf. alëy(u)m (aleinde) 'to shine'

M. atelic pf. lëy(u)m (leinde), impf. anilë(u)ym (anileinde)

√tleq-

T. atálet 'summer'
T. tlet 'season'

√tlir-

T. tlir 'tongue'
T. tlírrun 'to sample' (to tongue)

K. lir 'tongue'

H. lhish 'tongue, language', pl. lhizham
H. lhizu 'to lick'

√tlud-

T. tlóde 'sour state'
T. tlódeχa 'acid'

K. luðe 'beer'
K. telic pf. luðum (luðende), impf. oluðum (oluðende) 'to ferment'

√tludr-

T. tlódre 'curdled, coagulated state'
T. tlúrda 'cheese'

√tobr-

T. tóbor 'horse'

K. tovor 'horse'

√tod-

T. sartódun 'to force so.'
T. tóde 'obligation, state of necessity'
T. tótte 'tribute'

K. stative pf. toðum (toðende), impf. atoðum (atoðende) 'have to, must'

M. stative pf. todum (todende), impf. anodum (anodende)

√tog-

T. tógun 'to understand'

K. stative pf. to(h)um (to(h)ende), impf. ato(h)um (ato(h)ende) 'to understand'

√tokhr-

T. tórχa 'snowflake'
T. tórχami 'snow (falling)'
T. tóχor 'snow (fallen)'
T. ϕnitórχami 'blizzard'

K. torha 'snow'

√tops-

T. tóspa 'bird'

K. tosse (< *topse) 'bird'

√toq-

T. tóhta 'verse'
T. tóhtamai 'poem'

K. touta 'song'

√tor-

T. we-grade téwor, téhor 'at home'

√tra-

T. tra 'size, volume'
T. trámne 'big, large'
T. tréwe 'small'

K. trame 'size'
K. tramna 'big'

H. rhamin 'big'
H. sai 'small'

√tru-

T. tarugánun 'to enter'
T. tarú, taráu 'inward'
T. tirugánun 'to exit'
T. tirú, tiráu 'outward'

K. toru 'inward'
K. tyru 'outward'
K. atelic pf. tyruhëyrum (), impf. () 'go beyond, surpass'
K. prevb. tëyrūm 'to exchange'

√trun-

T. antrúmmet 'radius, distance to center'
T. antrún 'distance from border to point inside'
T. multrún 'at the border'
T. tarónwe 'near the border, but within'
T. tarúmme 'near the center'
T. tarúmmet 'the very middle, center'
T. tarún/tirún 'interior/exterior position'
T. tirónwe 'near the border, but outside'
T. tirúmme 'far outside'
T. tirúmmet 'outside at maximal distance'
T. untrún 'distance from border to point outside'

K. trunna 'interior'
K. yþrunna 'exterior'

M. frunna (for *trunna by analogy to yfrunna)
M. yfrunna

√tsugl-

T. súlga 'plum, prune'

√tubl-

T. túblun 'to jump'
T. túlba 'a jump'
T. túlba-méza 'suddenly'

K. telic pf. tuvlum (tuvlende), impf. otuvlum (otuvlende) 'to jump'

M. telic pf. tuvlum (tuvlende), impf. anuvlum (anuvlende)

√tum-

T. túgma 'cabbage'

√twekl-

T. twékle 'game'
T. twékle-sun 'play a game'

K. telic pf. tychlum (tychlende), impf. atychlum (atychlende) 'to play'

√twets-

T. kantwésta (< kam(a)-twesta) 'rowan'
T. twésta 'berry'

K. tysta 'small'

√twezr-

T. ka-tetwézra(h)on 'earthquake'
T. redupl. tetwézrun, teθwézrun 'shake, tremble'
T. twézrun 'twitch, jerk'

K. telic pf. tyðrum (tyðrende), impf. atyðrum (atyðrende) 'to move, give'

M. telic pf. tybrum (tybrende), impf. anybrum (anybrende)

√twi-

T. smultwénun 'to stop'
T. twi 'degree of speed'
T. twéwe 'slow state'
T. twímne 'fast state'

K. tymna 'lively'

H. nimin 'quick'
H. tuiba 'slow'

√unassigned-

K. hengva 'blue'
K. hima 'thin'
K. mousta 'green'
K. mutma 'black'
K. telic pf. nëynum (neinende), impf. anëynum (aneinende) 'to cry out, shout'